更换debian/alpine系统软件源

在拿到一台新开的vps时，经常会遇到软件包无法更新，软件安装错误等的情况，这时就需要我们对系统的软件源进行替换，下面我们以清华大学软件源为例来操作。

一、Debian系统

1、备份系统软件源文件

cp /etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list.bak

2、查找清华大学软件源，可以访问此链接查看：https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/help/debian/

3、替换软件源

1.1）Debian 11(bullseye) 版本－HTTPS 源
注：默认注释了源码镜像以提高 apt update 速度，如有需要可自行取消注释。

cat > /etc/apt/sources.list << EOF
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bullseye main contrib non-free
# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bullseye main contrib non-free

deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bullseye-updates main contrib non-free
# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bullseye-updates main contrib non-free

deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bullseye-backports main contrib non-free
# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bullseye-backports main contrib non-free

deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian-security bullseye-security main contrib non-free
# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian-security bullseye-security main contrib non-free
EOF

1.2）Debian 11(bullseye) 版本－HTTP 源
注：Debian Buster 以上版本默认支持 HTTPS 源。如果遇到无法拉取 HTTPS 源的情况，请先使用 HTTP 源安装。

cat > /etc/apt/sources.list << EOF
deb http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bullseye main contrib non-free
# deb-src http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bullseye main contrib non-free

deb http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bullseye-updates main contrib non-free
# deb-src http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bullseye-updates main contrib non-free

deb http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bullseye-backports main contrib non-free
# deb-src http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bullseye-backports main contrib non-free

deb http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian-security bullseye-security main contrib non-free
# deb-src http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian-security bullseye-security main contrib non-free
EOF

2.1）Debian 12(bookworm)版本－HTTPS 源
注：默认注释了源码镜像以提高 apt update 速度，如有需要可自行取消注释。

cat > /etc/apt/sources.list << EOF
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bookworm main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bookworm main contrib non-free non-free-firmware

deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bookworm-updates main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bookworm-updates main contrib non-free non-free-firmware

deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bookworm-backports main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bookworm-backports main contrib non-free non-free-firmware

deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian-security bookworm-security main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian-security bookworm-security main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
EOF

2.2）Debian 12(bookworm)版本－HTTP 源
注：Debian Buster 以上版本默认支持 HTTPS 源。如果遇到无法拉取 HTTPS 源的情况，请先使用 HTTP 源安装。

cat > /etc/apt/sources.list << EOF
deb http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bookworm main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
# deb-src http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bookworm main contrib non-free non-free-firmware

deb http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bookworm-updates main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
# deb-src http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bookworm-updates main contrib non-free non-free-firmware

deb http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bookworm-backports main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
# deb-src http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bookworm-backports main contrib non-free non-free-firmware

deb http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian-security bookworm-security main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
# deb-src http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian-security bookworm-security main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
EOF

4、更新系统

apt update && apt upgrade -y

现在就可以正常的安装软件了，have fun!

二、Alpine系统

1、可用终端输入一键命令替换镜像源：

sed -i 's#https\?://dl-cdn.alpinelinux.org/alpine#https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/alpine#g' /etc/apk/repositories

2、也可以直接编辑 /etc/apk/repositories 文件。以下是 v3.5 版本的参考配置：

cat > /etc/apk/repositories << EOF
https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/alpine/v3.5/main
https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/alpine/v3.5/community
EOF

3、也可以使用 latest-stable 指向最新的稳定版本：

cat > /etc/apk/repositories << EOF
https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/alpine/latest-stable/main
https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/alpine/latest-stable/community
EOF

4、更新索引使生效:

apk update

使用 HTTP 源的话直接将代码中的https改为http即可，have fun!